PSY2043 Ch16 Lecture Notes

PSY2043 Introduction to Psychology

Ch16 Treatment of Mental Health Problems

Intended Learning Outcomes

• Be familiar with the historical background and current trends in the treatment of abnormal behavior, in particular deinstitutionalization and reinstitutionalization.
  • Deinstitutionalization
    • 1960s movement of patients from hospitals to community-based servicesx
• Be able to describe the following approaches to psychotherapy, including the therapist’s techniques and the patient’s or client’s experiences that are presumed to yield improvement:
  • Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapies; Behavior therapies; Cognitive-behavior therapies; Humanistic therapies; Family and marital therapies.
  • Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapies
    • Techniques: free association, dream analysis, transference.
  • Behavior therapies
    • Learning & conditioning
    • Systematic desensitization
    • In vivo exposure
    • Selective reinforcement
    • Modelling
    • Behavioral rehearsal
    • Self-regulation
  • Cognitive-behavior therapies
  • Humanistic therapies
    • Client-centred therapy
  • Family and marital therapies
• Be familiar with the techniques, advantages, and disadvantages of the two forms of biological therapy; be able to describe the major classes of psychotherapeutic drugs, their effects, and their applications to mental disorders.
  • Electroconvulsive therapy
    • Advantage – Subject of controversy but effective in bringing some out of severe depression faster than drug therapy
    • Disadvantage – Can cause permanent memory loss and confusion
  • Drug therapy
    • Antipsychotic drugs –　alter levels of the dopamine –　schizophrenia
    • Antidepressant drugs – affecting levels of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine –　
    • Lithium – Regulates levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and other neurotransmitters –　bipolar disorders
    • Antianxiety drugs – Depresses central nervous system
    • Stimulants –　Increasing levels of dopamine
• Be familiar with the suggestions offered for promoting your own emotional well-being.
  • Accept your feelings
  • Know your vulnerabilities
  • Develop your talents and interests
  • Become involved with other people
  • Know when to seek help

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• Earliest belief – demon-possessed 鬼附身
• 古中国：阴阳失衡
• Hippocrates：disturbance in body fluids 体液紊乱
• Middle ages：demon-possessed

Early asylums

• 1792 Philippe Pinel

Morden treatment facilities

Professionals who provide psychotherapy

TECHNIQUES OF PSYCHOTHERAPY

Behavior therapies 行为疗法

• 以学习及条件作用原则为基础所发展的治疗方法
• Systematic desensitization 系统脱敏法
• In vivo exposure 实景暴露法
• Flooding
• Selective reinforcement
• Modeling 模仿
  • 观察一位治疗师握着一只蛇，可以减轻惧蛇者对蛇的恐惧
• Behavioral rehearsal 行为演练
  • 治疗师帮助患者预演或练习更适当的行为
• Self-regulation

Cognitive-behavior therapies 认知行为疗法

Treatment methods that use behavior modification techniques but also incorporate procedures designed to change maladaptive beliefs.

Psychodynamic therapies 心理动力学疗法

• Traditional psychoanalysis
  • Through free association, dream analysis, and transference, attempts to discover the unconscious basis of the client’s current problems so as to deal with them in a more rational way.
• Contemporary psychodynamic therapies (e.g., interpersonal therapy)
  • More structured and short-term than traditional psychoanalysis; emphasize the way the client is currently interacting with others.

Humanistic therapies 人本主义疗法

e.g., client-centered therapy

Sociocultural approaches to therapy

Special issues in treating children

The effectiveness of psychotherapy

Common factors in psychotherapies

BIOLOGICAL THERAPIES

Psychotherapeutic drugs

• Anti-anxiety drugs
  • Purpose: reduce symptoms of tension
  • 作用方式: depresses central nervous system抑制中枢神经系统
• Stimulants

Electroconvulsive therapy

Combining biological and psychological therapies

ENHANCING MENTAL HEALTH