PSY2043 Ch06 Lecture Notes

PSY2043 Introduction to Psychology

Ch06 Consciousness

Intended Learning Outcomes

• Define consciousness in terms of its function in monitoring information and controlling our actions.
• Know what is meant by the terms preconscious memories and the unconscious.
• Be familiar with the phenomena of automaticity and of dissociation.
• Discuss in some detail sleep schedules, stages of sleep, REM and NREM sleep, and sleep disorders.
• Describe Freud’s perspective on the purpose of dreams.
• Define meditation and describe the consequences of meditation training.
• Know what is meant by the term psychoactive drug.

Aspects of Consciousness 意识的不同层面

Consciousness 意识

• Two definitions of consciousness
  • 监控 Monitoring ourselves and our environment
  • 控制 Controlling ourselves and our environment
• Altered state of consciousness 意识状态的改变
  • 心理功能模式改变，如睡觉、做梦、受伤
• Measuring
  • EEG 脑波
    • Beta
    • Alpha
    • Theta
    • Delta

Preconscious memories 前意识记忆

• 可被提取而呈现在意识中的记忆

Unconscious

• 某些引发痛苦情绪的记忆和欲望会被 压抑（repressed），并转入无意识
• 即使我们未察觉到，也能影响我们
• 弗洛伊德式失语 Freudian slip

Automaticity and dissociation 自动化与分离

• Automaticity 自动化
  • 一开始需要意识关注而最终反应习惯化的过程
  • e.g. 开车 弹钢琴
• Dissociation 分离
  • 人的思想和行为会与意识的其他部分分裂分离且个人无法知觉此功能
  • e.g. 无聊时候的做白日梦，分离性身份障碍 (dissociative identity disorder)

Sleep and Dreams 睡眠与梦

睡眠的阶段

• 睡眠阶段的链接
  • Awake - Alpha
  • REM
  • NREM
    • Stage 1 - light sleep
    • Stage 2 - light sleep
      • have spindle
    • Stage 3 - deep sleep
    • Stage 4 - deep sleep
• REM 和 NREM 的比较
  • REM 大脑活跃身体麻痹，梦境真实 生动 情绪性 不合逻辑
  • NREM 身体非常放松，梦境比较像正常思考

睡眠的理论

• Dale Edgar and William Dement : opponent-process model 睡眠与清醒对立过程模式
  • 恒定睡眠驱力
    • 时钟–依赖警觉过程

睡眠失常

• Deprivation 睡眠剥夺
• Insomnia 失眠
• Narcolepsy 嗜睡症
• Apnea 睡眠呼吸暂停

梦

• Dreaming : altered state of consciousness
• 每个人都做梦，有些人觉得自己不做梦只是因为自己想不起来了
• 梦的持续时间和现实中差不多
• 人们有时能知道自己在做梦
• 人们有时候能控制自己的梦
  • Lucid dreamers

梦的理论

• 弗洛伊德
  • 梦是一种企图欲望实现的伪装
• 其他理论 see dreaming as insights into the information processing the brain is doing while asleep
• 一些理论认为，做梦是一种认知过程
  • Continuity theory : dreaming is an imaginative process that reflects individual’s conceptions, concerns & emotional preoccupations

Meditation 冥想

• 通过有计划的仪式或运动，来 altered state of consciousness
• 两种常见技术
  • 开放式冥想 opening-up meditation
  • 集中式冥想 concentrative meditation
• 冥想的结果是，个体极端放松并觉得与外在世界分离的一种略神秘的状态

Hypnosis 催眠

Induction of hypnosis 催眠的诱导

• Changes
  • Planfulness ceases
  • attention become more selective
  • enriched fantasy easily evoked
  • reality testing reduces
  • suggesstibility increased
  • posthypnotic amnesia often present (forgot what happen)

Hyponotic suggestions 催眠暗示

• Control of movement 动作控制
• Posthypnotic amnesia 催眠后遗忘
• Positive and negative hallucinationscinations 正幻觉及负幻觉

Hidden observer 隐藏的观察者

Psychoactive Drugs 精神药物

• Drugs are used to alter consciousness and mood
• Repeated use can lead to drug dependence药物依赖
  • Tolerance抗药性: same effect need more
  • Withdrawal戒断: if stop, unpleasant
  • Compulsive use强迫用药 : self-control is difficult
• Drug Abuse 药物滥用：一个未产生药物依赖的人，持续的用药

Depressants 抑制剂

• Depress central nervous system
• 镇静剂 tranquilizers, 巴比妥酸盐 barbiturates（安眠药sleeping pills），吸入剂 inhalants，普通酒精 ethyl alcohol
• 酒精及其影响：头昏眼花，松弛，不再自制
• 酒精的使用
  • cause accidents and fetal alcohol syndrome

Illicit drugs 非法药物

• 大麻属 Cannabis

Opiates 阿片

• 鸦片及其衍生物，总称为阿片
• Reduce pain perception, induce euphoria, and depress central nervous system
• Heroin usage
• Opioid receptors

Stimulants

• Amphetamines
• Cocaine
• Ecstasy

PSI Phenomena 超觉现象

Experimental evidence 实验证据

The debate over the evidence 对证据的辩论