PSY2033 Ch14 Lecture Notes

PSY2033 Developmental Psychology

Ch14 Phychosocial Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood

Personality Development: Four models

1. Normative Stage Model 规范阶段模型

• Models that argue for a definite sequence of age-related changes in psychosocial development.

  • 这些模型认为心理社会发展中存在一个确定的年龄相关变化序列。

• Erikson: Intimacy versus Isolation:

  • Make commitments to others or face a possible sense of isolation and consequent self-absorption.
    • 达成对他人的承诺，否则可能面临孤立感和随之而来的自我吸收。
  • Virtue Attained: Love, a mutual devotion between partners who have chosen to share their lives, have children, and help those children achieve their own healthy development.
    • 获得的美德：爱，一种在选择分享生活、生育子女并帮助这些孩子实现自身健康发展的伴侣之间的相互奉献。

• Life Structure:

  • The underlying pattern of a person’s life at a given time, built on whatever aspects of life the person finds most important.
    • 一个人在特定时间的生活的基础模式，基于个人认为最重要的生活方面。
  • Dream: One’s hopes about what one wishes to achieve in the future, part of the entry phase of young adulthood.
    • 梦想：一个人对未来希望实现的目标，是青年期入门阶段的一部分。

• Emerging Adulthood:

  • Period between the ages of 18-25.
  • Shifting cultural forces; delayed onset of full adulthood.
    • 文化力量的转变；成年期的延迟开始。
  • Increase in the amount of education needed for a good career.
    • 良好职业所需教育水平的提高。
  • Frequency of cohabitation without marriage.
    • 未婚同居的频率。
  • Continued identity exploration.
    • 持续的身份探索。
  • Insecurity, instability, self-focus.
    • 不安全、不稳定、以自我为中心。

• Normative Studies of Women:

  • Women may face different psychological and environmental constraints in forming life structures than men do.
    • 女性在形成生活结构时可能面临与男性不同的心理和环境限制。
  • Women’s transitions tend to take longer.
    • 女性的转变往往需要更长时间。
  • Between age 27-43, women (as opposed to 17-33 for men) develop more self-discipline, commitment, independence, and confidence.
    • 在27-43岁之间，女性（相比男性的17-33岁）发展出更多的自律、承诺、独立和自信。

2. Timing-of-Events Model 事件时机模型

• A model that describes adult psychosocial development as a response to the expected or unexpected occurrence and timing of important life events.

  • 一种将成年心理社会发展描述为对重要生活事件预期或非预期发生及其时机的响应的模型。

• Social Clock: A set of cultural norms or expectations for the times of life when important events, such as marriage, parenthood, entry into work, and retirement, should occur.

  • 社会时钟：一组关于重要事件（如结婚、育儿、进入职场和退休）应何时发生的文化规范或期望。

3. Traits Model 特质模型

• Models that focus on mental, emotional, temperamental, and behavioral traits, or attributes.

  • 这些模型关注心理、情绪、气质和行为特质或属性。

• Big Five Personality Traits:

  1. Neuroticism: The tendency to experience emotional instability: anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, and vulnerability very easily.
  2. Extraversion: The tendency to seek stimulation and enjoy the company of other people.
  3. Agreeableness: The tendency to be trusting and compassionate rather than distrustful of and antagonistic towards others.
  4. Conscientiousness: The tendency to show self-discipline, to be reliable, and to strive for competence and achievement.
  5. Openness to Experience: The tendency to enjoy new experiences and new ideas.
  • Big Five Personality Traits：
    1. 神经质：情绪不稳定的倾向：容易体验到焦虑、敌意、抑郁、自我意识、冲动和脆弱。
    2. 外向性：寻求刺激和享受他人陪伴的倾向。
    3. 宜人性：倾向于信任和富有同情心，而不是不信任和对抗他人。
    4. 尽责性：表现出自律、可靠，努力追求能力和成就的倾向。
    5. 开放性：享受新体验和新想法的倾向。

• Continuity and Change:

  • 这意味着一个人的基本人格特质在不同的生活阶段中保持相对稳定。
    • 例如，一个年轻时外向性高的人在老年时仍然可能是外向的。
  • Other research found change in personality throughout adulthood.
  • 其他研究发现，整个成年期的人格会发生变化。

• Evaluation:

  • Research has found gradual, systematic change in personality throughout adulthood, not continuity.
    • 研究发现，整个成年期的人格逐渐、系统地变化，而不是而不是持续不变的。
  • Five-factor model is based on subjective ratings—may lack validity.
    • 五因素模型基于主观评价，可能缺乏有效性。

4. Typological Models 类型学模型

• Models that identify broad personality types or styles.

• 这些模型识别广泛的人格类型或风格。

• Friedman’s and Rosenman’s Personality Types:

  1. Type A Personality: A highly competitive, impatient, hurried person who typically has a hostile temperament.
  2. Type B Personality: An easygoing, less hurried, and less hostile person.
  • 弗里德曼和罗森曼的人格类型：
    1. A型人格：一个非常有竞争力、急躁、匆忙的人，通常具有敌对的性情。
    2. B型人格：一个悠闲、不那么匆忙、不那么敌对的人。

• Jack Block’s Personality Types:

  1. Ego-Resilient: Well adjusted, confident, and task-focused.
  2. Overcontrolled: Shy, quiet, anxious, and withdraw from conflict.
  3. Undercontrolled: Active, energetic, impulsive, stubborn, and distractible.
  • 杰克·布洛克的人格类型：
    1. 自我韧性：适应良好、自信、任务导向。
    2. 过度控制：害羞、安静、焦虑，回避冲突。
    3. 欠控制：活跃、精力充沛、冲动、固执且容易分心。

Intimate Relationships and Love 亲密关系和爱情

Intimacy 亲密

• Requirements:

  • Self-awareness
  • Empathy
  • Ability to communicate emotions
  • Ability to resolve conflicts
  • Sustain commitments

• 要求：

  • 自我意识
  • 同理心
  • 沟通情感的能力
  • 解决冲突的能力
  • 维持承诺

• Interplay between personality and relationship. 人格与关系之间的相互作用。

  • 例如，高神经质的人倾向于进入让他们感到不太安全的关系。

Friendship 友谊

• Stability:

  • Less stable than either adolescence or later adulthood.
    • 比青少年或成年晚期更不稳定。
    • 原因之一是成年期通常是一个充满变化的时期，人们可能会因为工作、婚姻、搬迁等因素频繁调整自己的生活，这些变化可能导致友谊的变动和调整。
  • 一些友谊比恋人或配偶的关系更稳定。
    • 以工作和育儿活动为中心。
    • 分享秘密和建议。

• Developmental Changes:

  • Young singles rely on friendship for social needs.
  • Number of friends and amount of time with friends decreases.

• Gender Differences:

  • Women have social needs met by friends more than men.
  • Women share confidences and talk about marital problems.
    • 女性分享秘密并谈论婚姻问题。
  • Men share information and activities.

Sternberg: Triangular Theory of Love 斯滕伯格：三角理论的爱

• Components:

  1. Intimacy: Emotional element involving self-disclosure.
  2. Passion: Motivational element translating physiological arousal into sexual desire.
  3. Commitment: Cognitive element involving the decision to love and stay with the beloved.
  • 组成部分：
    1. 亲密：涉及自我揭示的情感元素。
    2. 激情：将生理唤起转化为性欲的动机元素。
    3. 承诺：涉及爱和与所爱之人共度一生的决定的认知元素。