PSY2033 Ch06 Lecture Notes
PSY2033 Developmental Psychology
Ch06 Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years
Learning Outcomes 学习目标
Discuss the development of emotions and personality in infancy
讨论婴儿期情感和个性的发育Describe infants’ social relationships with caregivers, including attachment
描述婴儿与护理者的社会关系，包括依恋Discuss the emerging sense of self, autonomy, and moral development in toddlerhood
讨论幼儿期自我意识、自主性和道德发展的萌芽Explain how social contexts influence early development
解释社会环境如何影响早期发展Explain child maltreatment and its effects
解释虐待儿童及其影响
Personality 个性
- Relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior
情感、气质、思想和行为的相对一致混合 - Psychosocial development involves the interplay between personality and social relationships
心理社会发展涉及个性与社会关系的相互作用
Emotions 情感
- Shape response to the world
影响对世界的反应 - Temperament is an early building block of personality
气质是个性早期的构建模块 - Earliest social experiences influence emotional development
最早的社会经验影响情感发展
Crying 哭泣
- First Signs of Emotion
情感的第一个迹象- Hunger, pain, frustration
- 饥饿、疼痛、挫折
- Newborns show piercing cries, flailing limbs, stiff body when upset
- 新生儿不开心时会尖叫，四肢挥动，身体僵硬
- Maternal Sensitivity to Crying
母亲对哭泣的敏感性- Sensitive response to crying is associated with later social competence and positive adjustment
- 对哭泣的敏感反应与后来的社会能力和积极调整相关
Smiling and Laughing 微笑和笑
- Involuntary Smiles
非自愿微笑- Spontaneous soon after birth due to subcortical brain activity
- 出生后不久由于皮下脑活动而自发出现
- Frequently during REM sleep
- 经常在快速眼动睡眠期间
- Social Smiling
社会微笑- By 2 months, infants gaze at parents and smile
- 2个月时，婴儿注视父母并微笑
- By 4-12 months, laughter (smile-linked vocalization) develops
- 4-12个月时，笑声（与微笑相关的发声）发展
- Anticipatory Smiling
预期微笑- Rises sharply between 8-10 months, infants smile at an object and then gaze at an adult while continuing to smile
- 8-10个月之间急剧增加，婴儿微笑着看着一个物体，然后继续微笑着看着一个成年人
Self-conscious Emotions 自我意识情感
- Emerge after self-awareness develops (15-24 months)
在自我意识发展后出现（15-24个月）- Embarrassment, empathy, envy
- 尴尬、同理心、嫉妒
Self-evaluative Emotions 自我评价情感
- Develop around age 3
约在3岁时发展- Pride, guilt, shame
- 骄傲、内疚、羞愧
Emotion Development 情感发展
- Orderly development from simple to complex
有序地从简单到复杂的发展 - Brain Growth and Emotion
脑发育与情感- 0-3 months: Cerebral cortex becomes functional
- 0-3个月：大脑皮层开始功能化
- 9-10 months: Frontal lobes interact with limbic system
- 9-10个月：额叶与边缘系统相互作用
- 2nd year: Self-awareness and consciousness develop
- 第2年：自我意识和意识发展
- Age 3: Hormonal changes in ANS coincide with evaluative emotions
- 3岁：自主神经系统的激素变化与评估性情感一致
Temperament 气质
- Biologically based tendency to respond to the environment in predictable ways
以生物学为基础的以可预测的方式对环境作出反应的倾向 - Temperament Patterns 气质模式
- 40% “Easy” children 容易养育的儿童
- 10% “Difficult” children 难养育的儿童
- 15% “Slow-to-warm-up” children 缓慢适应的儿童
- 35% do not fit neatly into any of these categories 35%的儿童不完全符合这些类别
Goodness of Fit 合适度
- Match between child’s temperament and environmental demands
儿童气质与环境需求之间的匹配
Early Social Experiences 早期社会经验
Gender Differences 性别差异
- Measurable differences are few
可测量的差异很少 - Behavioral differences between 1 and 2 years
1至2岁之间的行为差异- Boys play more aggressively 男孩玩得更有攻击性
- Word choices reflect gender perceptions 词汇选择反映性别认知
Parental Influence on Gender Differences 父母对性别差异的影响
- Gender-typing 性别定型
- Process by which children learn behavior appropriate for their sex
- 儿童学习适合其性别的行为的过程
Psychosocial Development in Infancy 婴儿期的心理社会发展
Erikson Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust 艾里克森阶段1：信任与不信任
- Develop a sense of reliability of people and objects
发展对人和物的信任感 - Sensitive, responsive, and consistent care
敏感、反应迅速和一致的护理
Attachment 依恋
- Studying attachment: Strange Situation
研究依恋：陌生情境实验- Types of Attachment 依恋类型
- Secure attachment 安全型依恋
- Avoidant attachment 回避型依恋
- Ambivalent (resistant) attachment 矛盾（抵抗）型依恋
- Disorganized-disoriented attachment 迷恋失序型依恋
- Types of Attachment 依恋类型
Long-term Effects of Attachment 依恋的长期影响
- More securely attached children develop better social relationships
更安全依恋的儿童发展出更好的社会关系 - Higher levels of curiosity and self-confidence
更高水平的好奇心和自信
Psychosocial Development in Toddlerhood 幼儿期的心理社会发展
Emerging Sense of Self 自我意识的萌芽
- Self-concept: The image of ourselves
自我概念：我们的自我形象 - Develops from 3 months to 24 months
发展从3个月到24个月
Development of Autonomy 自主性的发展
- Erikson Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame 艾里克森阶段2：自主性与羞耻
- Shift from external control to self-control
- 从外部控制转向自我控制
- Virtue of Will 意志的美德: Begin to substitute their own judgment for their caregivers’
- 开始用自己的判断代替护理者的判断
Moral Development 道德发展
- Socialization 社会化
- Developing habits and values that make children productive members of society
- 发展使儿童成为社会生产成员的习惯和价值观
- Internalization 内化
- Making societal standards their own
- 将社会标准内化为自己的标准
Self-regulation 自我调节
- Control over own behavior to conform to caregiver’s standards
控制自己的行为以符合护理者的标准
Child Maltreatment 虐待儿童
Types of Maltreatment 虐待类型
- Physical abuse 身体虐待
- Neglect 忽视
- Sexual abuse 性虐待
- Emotional maltreatment 情感虐待
Long-term Effects of Maltreatment 虐待的长期影响
- Victimization of own children in adulthood
成年后虐待自己的孩子 - Greater risk of depression and anxiety
更高的抑郁和焦虑风险
PSY2033 Ch06 Lecture Notes