PSY2033 Ch05 Lecture Notes
PSY2033 Developmental Psychology
Ch05 Cognitive Development during the First Three Years
Outline 大纲
- Six different approaches 六种不同的研究方法
- Language development 语言发展
Cognitive Development – Six Approaches 认知发展 – 六种方法
Behaviorist Approach 行为主义方法
- Focus 重点: Study the basic mechanics of learning; how behavior changes in response to experience
- 研究学习的基本机制；行为如何随经验而改变
- Classical Conditioning 经典条件反射
- Definition 定义: Prediction of an event based on the association with a natural stimulus
- 通过与自然刺激的联系预测事件
- Operant Conditioning 操作性条件反射
- Definition 定义: Consequences of behavior and how they affect the likelihood of that behavior
- 行为的结果及其对行为发生可能性的影响
Infant Memory 婴儿记忆
- Infantile Amnesia 婴儿期遗忘症
- Explanation 解释:
- Piaget: Brain is not developed enough to store memory
- 大脑发育不够完善，无法储存记忆
- Freud: Early memories are stored but often repressed because they are emotionally distressing
- 早期记忆被储存，但由于情感上的痛苦经常被压抑
- Nelson: Evolutionary approach, abilities develop as they become useful for adaptation
- 进化论观点，能力随着适应需求的发展而发展
- Piaget: Brain is not developed enough to store memory
- Explanation 解释:
- Research 研究:
- Operant Conditioning with Mobiles 操作性条件反射与婴儿床移动物
- Findings 发现:
- 2-month infants remember the conditioned response for 2 days
- 2个月大的婴儿记得条件反射2天
- 18-month toddlers remember the conditioned response for 13 weeks
- 18个月大的幼儿记得条件反射13周
- Length of time a conditioned response lasts increases with age
- 条件反射持续时间随着年龄增加而增加
- Findings 发现:
- Operant Conditioning with Mobiles 操作性条件反射与婴儿床移动物
Psychometric Approach 心理测量方法
- Focus 重点: Quantify the factors that make up intelligence and predict future performance
- 量化构成智力的因素并预测未来表现
- Testing Infants and Toddlers 测试婴幼儿
- Bayley Scales 贝利量表
- Purpose 目的: Assess children from 1 month to 3.5 years in five developmental areas
- 评估1个月至3.5岁儿童的五个发展领域
- Developmental Areas 发展领域: Cognitive, language, motor, social-emotional, adaptive behavior
- 认知、语言、运动、社会情感、适应行为
- Finding 发现: Early measures of infant behavior have low predictive validity for later intelligence except in extreme cases
- 婴儿行为的早期测量对后期智力的预测效度较低，除非在极端情况下
- Bayley Scales 贝利量表
Early Home Environment 早期家庭环境
- HOME: Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment 家庭观察量表
- Parental Responsiveness 父母反应
- Positively correlated with IQ, achievement test scores, classroom behavior
- 与智商、成就测试分数、课堂行为正相关
- Learning Stimulation 学习刺激
- Number of books, educational playthings
- 书籍数量，教育玩具
- Associated with kindergarten achievement scores, language competence, motor and social development
- 与幼儿园成就分数、语言能力、运动和社会发展相关
- Parental Responsiveness 父母反应
Piagetian Approach 皮亚杰方法
- Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 皮亚杰的认知发展理论
- Stages 阶段:
- Sensorimotor Stage 感知运动阶段: Birth to 2 years
- 出生至2岁
- Preoperational Stage 前运算阶段: Ages 2 to 7
- 2至7岁
- Concrete Operational Stage 具体运算阶段: Ages 7 to 11
- 7至11岁
- Formal Operational Stage 形式运算阶段: Ages 12 and up
- 12岁及以上
- Sensorimotor Stage 感知运动阶段: Birth to 2 years
Substages of Sensorimotor Stage 感知运动阶段的子阶段:
- Reflexes Reactions (0-1 month) 反射
- 婴儿主要依赖先天的反射动作，如吸吮和抓握。
- e.g. 当婴儿的嘴唇碰到乳头时，他们会自然地吸吮。
- Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months) 初级循环反应
- 婴儿开始重复有趣或愉快的身体内部动作，通常涉及他们自己的身体。
- e.g. 婴儿会重复吮吸拇指，因为这给他们带来舒适感。
- Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months) 次级循环反应
- 婴儿开始重复那些对外部世界有影响的动作，探索外部环境的反应。
- 为了得到超出自已身体范围
- 重复一个涉及外部对象的行为
- e.g. 婴儿摇动一个带响铃的玩具，因为他们发现这样可以发出声音。
- Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (8-12 months) 协调次级计划
- 婴儿开始将多个次级循环反应进行协调，表现出早期的问题解决能力和目标导向行为。
- 主要是发展目的和手段之间的协调能力
- e.g. 婴儿会推动障碍物以便拿到藏在后面的玩具。
- Tertiary Circular Reactions(12-18 months) 三级循环反应
- 发现新的手段，来达成目标
- e.g. 婴儿会反复从不同高度将玩具扔到地上，以观察结果的不同。
- Mental Representation (18-24 months) 心理表征
- 婴儿开始发展出心理表征，即在头脑中形成物体和事件的内部图像，可以进行延迟模仿和假装游戏。
- 婴儿会假装用玩具电话打电话，模仿成人的行为。
- Reflexes Reactions (0-1 month) 反射
- Concepts 概念:
- Circular Reaction 循环反应: Infant learns to reproduce events originally discovered by chance
- 婴儿学会重现偶然发现的事件
- Object Permanence 物体永恒性: Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen
- 理解物体即使看不见也依然存在
- Imitative Abilities 模仿能力:
- Visible Imitation 可见模仿
- Invisible Imitation 不可见模仿
- Deferred Imitation 延迟模仿
- Elicited Imitation 引导模仿
- Stages 阶段:
Information-Processing Approach 信息处理方法
- Focus 重点: Analyze the separate parts of a complex task to figure out necessary abilities and their development age
- 分析复杂任务的各个部分，以确定所需的能力及其发展年龄
- Concepts 概念:
- Habituation 习惯化: Reduced response to familiar stimulus
- 对熟悉的刺激反应减少
- Dishabituation 去习惯化: Increased response to new stimulus
- 对新刺激的反应增加
- Visual Preference 视觉偏好: Preference for new visual stimuli, showing recognition memory
- 对新视觉刺激的偏好，显示识别记忆
- Cross-Modal Transfer 跨模态转移: Using one sense to guide another sense
- 使用一种感官指导另一种感官
- Joint Attention 共同注意: Following an adult’s gaze, important for social interaction and language acquisition
- 跟随成人的视线，对社会互动和语言习得很重要
Predictors of Intelligence 智力预测
- Visual Expectation Paradigm 视觉期望范式
- Measures visual reaction time and visual anticipation
- 测量视觉反应时间和视觉预期
- Categorization 分类:
- Perceptual 感知: Based on how things look
- 根据外观分类
- Conceptual 概念: Based on what things are
- 根据事物的性质分类
Cognitive Neuroscience Approach 认知神经科学方法
- Focus 重点: Neurological maturation as a factor in cognitive development
- 神经系统成熟是认知发展的一个因素
- Brain Growth Spurts 脑生长突增: Coincide with cognitive changes
- 与认知变化同时发生
- Memory Systems 记忆系统:
- Explicit Memory 外显记忆: Conscious recollection of facts and events
- 对事实和事件的有意识回忆
- Implicit Memory 内隐记忆: Unconscious recollection, such as habits and skills
- 无意识的回忆，如习惯和技能
- Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex 海马体和前额皮质: Develop for long-term and working memory 发展用于长期记忆和工作记忆
Social-Contextual Approach 社会-情境方法
- Focus 重点: Guided participation with adults in activities
- 与成人在活动中引导参与
- Cultural Differences 文化差异
- US Children 美国儿童: More play activities
- 更多的玩耍活动
- Guatemalan Children 危地马拉儿童: More work activities
- 更多的工作活动
Language Development 语言发展
Early Stages of Language Development 语言发展的早期阶段
- Early Vocalization 早期发声
- Crying 哭泣
- Cooing 咿呀学语: Repeating vowel sounds, starts around 6-8 weeks
- 重复元音音，约6-8周开始
- Babbling 咿呀学语: Repeating consonant sounds, starts around 6-10 months
- 重复辅音音，约6-10个月开始
Phonemes 音素
- Definition 定义: Smallest units of sound in speech
- 语音中的最小声音单位
- Discrimination 辨别: Infants can initially discriminate sounds of any language
- 婴儿最初可以辨别任何语言的声音
First Words and Sentences 第一词汇和句子
- First Words 第一词汇: Around 10-14 months, verbal expression that conveys meaning
- 约10-14个月，表达意义的口语
- Holophrase 单词句: Single words with complex meanings
- 单词具有复杂的意义
- First Sentences 第一句子: Around 18-24 months, telegraphic speech using 2-3 words
- 约18-24个月，使用2-3个词的电报式语言
- Syntax 句法: Rules for putting sentences together, gradually increases
- 句子组合规则，逐渐增加
Early Speech Characteristics 早期语言特点
- Underextension 词义狭化: Word used only for specific object
- 词只用于特定对象
- Overextension 词义泛化: Word used for a broader range of objects
- 词用于更广泛的对象
- Overregularization 过度规则化: Applying grammatical rules too widely
- 过度广泛地应用语法规则
PSY2033 Ch05 Lecture Notes