PSY2033 Ch04 Lecture Notes
PSY2033 Developmental Psychology
Ch04 Birth and Physical Development during the First Three Years
Outline 大纲
- Childbirth and Culture 分娩和文化
- The Birth Process 分娩过程
- The Newborn Baby 新生儿
- Complications of Childbirth 分娩并发症
- Survival and Health 生存与健康
- Early Physical Development 早期身体发育
- Motor Development 运动发育
- Childbirth Mortality Rate 分娩死亡率
Childbirth 分娩
- Dramatic reductions in the mortality rate are due to 减少死亡率的显著原因:
- Antibiotics 抗生素
- Blood transfusions 输血
- Safe anesthesia 安全麻醉
- Improved hygiene 改善卫生
- Drugs for inducing labor 引产药物
- Improvements in prenatal assessment and care 改善产前评估和护理
Home Birth 家庭分娩
- Trends 趋势:
- Increase in home births in the US from 1990 to 2021
- 美国1990年至2021年家庭分娩增加
- Home births accounted for 1.41% of all deliveries in 2021
- 2021年家庭分娩占所有分娩的1.41%
Concept Check 概念检查:
- Research shows that home births with a plan for hospitalization for emergencies can be 研究表明，有紧急住院计划的家庭分娩可能是:
- B. As safe as a hospital birth. 与医院分娩一样安全。
The Newborn Baby 新生儿
Neonatal Period 新生儿期
- First 4 weeks of life 生命的前4周
- Entire support from mother, transitioning to an independent existence
- 完全依赖母亲，过渡到独立存在
- Loss of body weight in the first few days due to fluid loss
- 在最初几天体重减少是由于失水
- Fontanels 囟门: Flexible skull bones that ease birth, close by 18 months
- 柔软的颅骨帮助分娩，18个月内闭合
- Lanugo 胎毛: Fuzzy prenatal hair
- 柔软的胎毛
- Vernix Caseosa 胎脂: Oily protection against infection, dries within a few days
- 预防感染的油性保护层，几天内干燥
Newborn Body System 新生儿体系统
- Umbilical Cord and Placenta 脐带和胎盘:
- During pregnancy, fetus gets oxygen through the umbilical cord, which carries used blood to the placenta and returns a fresh supply
- 怀孕期间，胎儿通过脐带获取氧气，脐带将用过的血液运送到胎盘，再返回新鲜的血液
- Anoxia 缺氧:
- If a neonate does not begin breathing within about 5 minutes, may suffer permanent brain injury
- 如果新生儿在约5分钟内未开始呼吸，可能会遭受永久性脑损伤
- Meconium 胎便:
- Greenish-black waste matter formed in the fetal intestinal tract, excreted in the first few days
- 胎儿肠道形成的绿色黑色废物，出生后几天内排出
- Neonatal Jaundice 新生儿黄疸:
- Yellowing of skin and eyeballs due to immaturity of the liver, common in half of all babies, usually does not need treatment
- 由于肝脏未成熟，皮肤和眼球黄染，半数新生儿常见，通常不需要治疗
Concept Check 概念检查:
- The condition of a baby whose Apgar score is 3 is Apgar评分为3的新生儿的情况是:
- D. Dangerous; the baby needs immediate resuscitation. 危险；需要立即复苏。
Principle of Development 发育原则
Principles 原则
- Cephalocaudal Principle 头尾原则:
- Development proceeds from head to tail
- 发育从头到尾进行
- Example: Grasping before walking
- 例子：先抓握再行走
- Proximodistal Principle 近远原则:
- Development proceeds from inner to outer
- 发育从内向外进行
- Example: Head and trunk develop before arms and legs, then hands and feet, then fingers and toes
- 例子：头部和躯干先于手臂和腿部发育，然后是手和脚，然后是手指和脚趾
- Cephalocaudal Principle 头尾原则:
Brain Development during Gestation 胎儿期的脑发育
- Brain Recap 脑总结
- Glial Cells 神经胶质细胞: Cells that support and protect neurons
- 支持和保护神经元的细胞
- Lateralization 大脑半球功能侧化: Specialization of function in each hemisphere
- 每个大脑半球的功能专门化
- Corpus Callosum 胼胝体: Reaches adult size by age 10
- 10岁时达到成人大小
- Cerebral Cortex 大脑皮层: Outer surface of cerebrum, matures by 6 months
- 大脑的外表面，6个月时成熟
Concept Check 概念检查:
- Why are babies’ heads so large in proportion to their body size? 为什么婴儿的头部相对于身体尺寸这么大？
- B. The baby’s brain and head are more developed than other parts of the body. 婴儿的脑部和头部比身体的其他部分更发达。
Reflexes and Motor Development 反射与运动发育
Reflexes 反射
- Primitive Reflexes 原始反射
- Rooting, sucking, and grasping reflexes
- 寻乳、吸吮和抓握反射
- Postural Reflexes 姿势反射
- Reactions to changes in posture or balance
- 对姿势或平衡变化的反应
- Locomotor Reflexes 移动反射
- Walking and swimming reflexes
- 行走和游泳反射
Motor Development 运动发育
- Stages 阶段
- Lifting head, rolling over, sitting up, crawling, standing, walking
- 抬头、翻身、坐起、爬行、站立、行走
Concept Check 概念检查:
- Rank the motor development stages in the correct order. 按正确顺序排列运动发育阶段。
Brain Development 脑发育
Early Brain Development 早期脑发育
- Spinal Cord + Brain Stem 脊髓和脑干
- Fully developed by birth
- 出生时完全发育
- Cerebellum 小脑
- Develops during the first year
- 在第一年发育
- Cerebral Cortex 大脑皮层
- Matures by 6 months
- 6个月时成熟
Plasticity 可塑性
- Definition 定义
- Molding of the brain through experience
- 通过经验塑造大脑
- Two Sides of the Coin 硬币的两面
- Positive 积极: Enables learning to adapt to the environment
- 使学习适应环境
- Negative 消极: Can lead to damage if exposed to harmful inputs (e.g., toxins, stress)
- 如果暴露于有害输入（如毒素、压力），可能导致损害
Early Sensory Capabilities 早期感官能力
Touch and Pain 触觉和疼痛
- First sense to develop 首先发育的感官
- Rooting reflex, ability to experience pain at birth
- 寻乳反射，出生时能体验疼痛
Smell and Taste 嗅觉和味觉
- Develops in womb 在子宫内发育
- Newborns prefer sweet tastes
- 新生儿喜欢甜味
Hearing 听觉
- Functional before birth 出生前起作用
- 3-day-olds can distinguish new speech sounds
- 3天大的婴儿可以区分新的语音
Sight 视觉
- Least developed at birth 出生时最不发达
- 20/20 vision by 6 months
- 6个月时达到20/20视力
- Binocular vision (depth perception) develops around 4.5 months
- 双目视觉（深度感知）在4.5个月左右发育
Motor Development 运动发育
Ecological Theory of Perception 生态知觉理论
- James J. Gibson and Eleanor J. Gibson
- Locomotor development depends on infants’ increasing sensitivity to the interaction between their changing physical characteristics and new and varied characteristics of their environment.
- 运动发育取决于婴儿对其变化的身体特征与环境中新特征之间相互作用的敏感性。
Dynamic Systems Theory 动态系统理论
- Ester Thelen
- Learning occurs through detecting the many features of an environment
- 学习通过检测环境的许多特征发生
- With experience, babies learn to gauge their environment
- 随着经验，婴儿学会评估其环境
Cultural Influences on Motor Development 文化对运动发育的影响
- Cultural Practices 文化实践
- African and West Indian cultures encourage early motor strength
- 非洲和西印度群岛文化鼓励早期运动力量
- Other cultures may discourage early movement
- 其他文化可能不鼓励早期运动
PSY2033 Ch04 Lecture Notes