PSY2033 Ch03 Lecture Notes
PSY2033 Developmental Psychology
Ch03 Forming a New Life
Learning Objectives 学习目标
Explain how conception occurs and what causes multiple births
解释受孕如何发生以及导致多胞胎的原因Describe the mechanism of heredity in normal and abnormal human development
描述正常和异常人类发展中的遗传机制Explain how heredity and environment interact in human development
解释遗传和环境如何在人类发展中相互作用Describe prenatal development, including environmental influences
描述产前发育，包括环境影响Discuss the importance of high-quality prenatal care
讨论高质量产前护理的重要性
Conceiving a New Life 受孕新生命
Fertilization (Conception) 受精（受孕）
- Process 过程
- Sperm + Ovum -> combine to create a single cell called a zygote
- 精子 + 卵子 -> 结合形成一个称为受精卵的单细胞
Multiple Births 多胞胎
- Dizygotic Twins 异卵双胞胎
- 两个卵子被两个不同的精子受精
- More common, run in families
- 异卵双胞胎，分享50%的基因，与非双胞胎兄弟姐妹相似
- Monozygotic Twins 同卵双胞胎
- 一个卵子被一个精子受精，分裂成两个
- Identical twins, usually occur by chance
- 同卵双胞胎，分享100%的基因
Mechanism of Heredity 遗传机制
Genetic Code 遗传密码
- Chromosomes 染色体
- 由DNA构成的包含基因的结构。
- Genes 基因
- Units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another.
- 维持其结构特性从一代传到另一代的遗传单位。
- Determination of Sex 性别决定
- 染色体决定个体的性别：女性为XX，男性为XY。
Patterns of Genetic Transmission 遗传传递模式
Genotype 基因型
- The underlying genetic makeup of an organism, including both expressed and unexpressed genes.
- 有机体的潜在遗传构成，包括表达和未表达的基因。
Phenotype 表型
- The observable characteristics or traits of an organism, influenced by both genotype and environment.
- 有机体的可观察特征或性状，由基因型和环境共同影响。
Multifactorial Transmission 多因素传递
- Most traits are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.
- 大多数性状受多个基因和环境因素的影响。
- For example, height is influenced by genes, nutrition, and overall health.
- 例如，身高受基因、营养和整体健康的影响。
Gene Expression 基因表达
Epigenesis 表观遗传
Definition 定义
- Genes are turned off or on as they are needed by the developing body or when triggered by the environment.
- 基因在发育过程中根据需要或在环境触发下被关闭或开启。
Mechanism 机制
- Chemical molecules (or “tags”) attach to a gene and alter the way a cell reads the gene’s DNA.
- 化学分子（或“标签”）附着在基因上，改变细胞读取基因DNA的方式。
Environmental Factors 环境因素
- Factors such as nutrition, smoking, sleep habits, stress, physical activity, social isolation, etc.
- 如营养、吸烟、睡眠习惯、压力、体力活动、社会隔离等因素。
Critical Periods 关键期
- 细胞在青春期和怀孕等关键期特别容易受到表观遗传修改的影响。
Genetic Imprinting 基因印记
- 某些基因的表达取决于它们是从母亲还是父亲继承的。
Heredity and Environment 遗传与环境
Behavioral Genetics 行为遗传学
Definition 定义
- 定量测量遗传和环境对特定性状的影响程度。
Heritability 遗传力
- Statistical estimate of the contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait in a given population.
- 估算遗传对特定群体中个体差异的贡献。
Measuring Heritability 测量遗传力
- Concordance 一致性: The degree to which monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins resemble each other for a trait.
- Family Studies 家族研究: Examine the degree to which biological relatives share traits.
- Adoption Studies 领养研究: Compare adopted children to their biological and adoptive families.
- Twin Studies 双胞胎研究: Compare monozygotic and dizygotic twins to assess genetic influence.
Interplay Between Heredity and Environment 遗传与环境的相互作用
Reaction Range 反应范围
- Definition 定义
- The range of potential expression of a hereditary trait.
- 遗传性状潜在表达的范围。
- Example 例子
- Body size can be influenced by both genetic potential and environmental factors such as nutrition.
- 身体大小可以受到遗传潜力和环境因素（如营养）的影响。
Canalization 通道化
- Definition 定义
- Heritable restrictions on the range of trait development.
- 性状发展的遗传限制。
- Example 例子
- Traits such as eye color and sequence of motor development are strongly programmed by genes.
- 眼睛颜色和运动发展的顺序等性状由基因强烈编程。
Genotype-Environment Interaction 基因型-环境相互作用
- Definition 定义
- Effects of similar environmental conditions on genetically different individuals.
- 相同环境条件对遗传不同个体的影响。
- Example 例子
- Children exposed to pollen and dust may develop allergic reactions based on their genetic predisposition.
- 暴露于花粉和灰尘的儿童可能会根据他们的遗传易感性发展出过敏反应。
Genotype-Environment Correlation 基因型-环境相关
- Definition 定义
- Environment reflects or reinforces genetic differences.
- 环境反映或强化遗传差异。
- Types 类型
- Passive 被动: Parents provide genes and environment that encourage the development of certain traits.
- Reactive or Evocative 反应或唤起: Children’s genetic makeup evokes certain reactions from others.
- Active or Niche Picking 主动或利基选择: Individuals actively select environments compatible with their genetic tendencies.
Expanded Notes 扩展笔记:
- Non-shared Environment 非共享环境
- Unique environment in which each child grows up, including accidents, illnesses, and unique interactions with peers.
- 每个孩子成长的独特环境，包括事故、疾病和与同伴的独特互动。
Prenatal Development 产前发育
Gestation 妊娠期
- Definition 定义
- The period between conception and birth, normally between 37 and 41 weeks.
- 受孕
和出生之间的时期，通常在37到41周之间。
- Gestational Age 妊娠年龄
- Usually dated from the first day of an expectant mother’s last menstrual cycle.
- 通常从预期母亲上一次月经周期的第一天算起。
Stages of Prenatal Development 产前发育阶段
Germinal Stage 胚种期
- Duration 持续时间
- Fertilization to 2 weeks
- 受精到2周
- Key Processes 关键过程
- Zygote divides, becomes more complex, and is implanted in the wall of the uterus.
- 受精卵分裂，变得更加复杂，并植入子宫壁。
- Implantation 植入: The attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall, occurring at about day 6.
- 植入: 囊胚附着在子宫壁，大约在第6天发生。
Expanded Notes 扩展笔记:
- Embryonic Disk 胚盘
- Ectoderm 外胚层: Becomes the outer layer of skin, nails, hair, teeth, sensory organs, and the nervous system.
- 成为皮肤外层、指甲、头发、牙齿、感觉器官和神经系统。
- Mesoderm 中胚层: Develops into the inner layer of skin, muscles, skeleton, and excretory and circulatory systems.
- 发育成皮肤内层、肌肉、骨骼、排泄和循环系统。
- Endoderm 内胚层: Becomes the digestive system, liver, pancreas, salivary glands, and respiratory system.
- 成为消化系统、肝脏、胰腺、唾液腺和呼吸系统。
Embryonic Stage 胚胎期
- Duration 持续时间
- 2 to 8 weeks
- Key Processes 关键过程
- Organogenesis: Organs and major body systems develop rapidly.
- 器官发生：器官和主要身体系统迅速发展。
- Critical Period 关键期: Most vulnerable to environmental influences, risk of spontaneous abortion or miscarriage.
- 最易受环境影响，流产或自然流产的风险。
Fetal Stage 胎儿期
- Duration 持续时间
- 8 weeks to birth
- 8周到出生
- Key Processes 关键过程
- Appearance of the first bone, rapid growth, and complexity of organs and body.
- 第一个骨骼的出现，快速增长，以及器官和身体的复杂性。
- “Finishing touches”: fingernails, toenails, eyelids.
- “最后的润色”：指甲、脚趾甲、眼睑。
Expanded Notes 扩展笔记:
- Maternal Factors 母体因素
- Teratogens 致畸物: Environmental agents that can interfere with normal development.
- Nutrition and Maternal Weight 营养和母体体重: Adequate nutrition is crucial for healthy fetal development.
- Drug and Alcohol Intake 药物和酒精摄入: Can lead to conditions such as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS).
- Maternal Illnesses 母体疾病: Including sexually transmitted diseases like HIV/AIDS.
- Maternal Age and Stress 母体年龄和压力: Older age and high stress levels can increase the risk of complications.
PSY2033 Ch03 Lecture Notes