PSY2033 Ch01 Lecture Notes

PSY2033 Developmental Psychology

Ch01 The Study of Human Development

Learning Objectives 学习目标

1. Describe human development and how its study has evolved.
   描述人类发展的概念及其研究的演变。

2. Describe the domains and periods of human development.
   描述人类发展的领域和时期。

3. Give examples of the influences that make one person different from another.
   举例说明影响个体差异的因素。

4. Discuss the principles of the lifespan perspective.
   讨论生命周期观点的原则。

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Why We Study Human Development 为什么我们研究人类发展？

Research Findings and Applications 研究发现与应用

• School Breakfast Program 学校早餐计划

  • 参与学校早餐计划可以提高日常营养摄入量，营养摄入量的提高与学生学业表现和心理社会功能的显著改善以及饥饿感的减少有关。

• Teen Drug Use 青少年药物使用

  • 一位研究人员承诺，如果她的女儿到21岁之前不使用任何毒品，就会支付她1000美元。这突显了早期使用物质的青少年成瘾风险更高。

Adolescent Brain Development 青少年大脑发育

• The prefrontal cortex, which handles reasoning, grows during the pre-teen years but is pruned back during adolescence, increasing impulsive, risk-taking behavior and susceptibility to addiction.
• 前额叶皮质负责推理，在青春前期发育，但在青春期会被修剪，增加了冲动、冒险行为和成瘾的易感性。

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Human Development: Scientific Discipline 人类发展：科学学科

• Definition 定义

  • Scientific study of the systematic processes of change and stability in people.
    • 人类发展的科学研究是研究人类变化和稳定的系统过程。

• Goals 目标

  • Describe 描述
    • When do children say their first words?
      • 孩子什么时候说出第一个词？
  • Explain 解释
    • How do children learn to use language?
      • 孩子们如何学习使用语言？
  • Predict 预测
    • Will delayed language development affect speech?
      • 语言发育迟缓是否会影响语言能力？
  • Modify 修改
    • Can therapy intervene speech delays?
      • 治疗是否可以干预语言延迟？

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Basic Concepts in Studying Human Development 研究人类发展的基本概念

Domains of Development 发展领域

1. Physical Development 物理发展

   • Growth of the body and brain, sensory capabilities, motor skills, health.
     • 身体和大脑的成长、感官能力、运动技能、健康。

2. Cognitive Development 认知发展

   • Learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, creativity.
     • 学习、注意力、记忆、语言、思考、推理、创造力。

3. Psychosocial Development 心理社会发展

   • Emotions, personality, social relationships.
     • 情感、个性、社会关系。

Interaction Between Domains 领域间的互动

耳部感染影响语言发展；青春期影响自我意识。

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Periods of the Life Span 生命周期的阶段

Social Construction 社会建构

• Division of the life span into periods is an invention of a particular culture or society.
  • 将生命周期分为几个阶段是某一特定文化或社会的发明。

Stages 阶段

1. Prenatal Period 产前期
   • Conception–Birth
2. Infancy and Toddlerhood 婴儿期和幼儿期
   • Birth–3 years
3. Early Childhood 早期童年
   • 3–6 years
4. Middle Childhood 中期童年
   • 6–11 years
5. Adolescence 青春期
   • 11–20 years
6. Young Adulthood 青年期
   • 20–40 years
7. Middle Adulthood 中年期
   • 40–65 years
8. Late Adulthood 晚年期
   • 65 years and over

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Influences on Development 影响发展的因素

Normative Influences 规范性影响

1. Normative Age-Graded Influence 规范性年龄分级影响

   • Similar for an age group; e.g., puberty.
   • 对一个年龄组相似；例如青春期。

2. Normative History-Graded Influence 规范性历史分级影响

   • Events that shape attitudes of a historical generation; e.g., WWII.
   • 影响历史一代人态度的事件；例如二战。

Non-Normative Influences 非规范性影响

• Unusual events that have a major impact on individual’s lives; e.g., death of parents when young.
  • 对个体生活有重大影响的不寻常事件；例如幼年失去父母。
  • Atypical time:
  • Atypical event:

Timing of Influence 影响的时机

• Is there a critical period for language acquisition? Case studies and research findings.
  • 是否存在语言习得的关键期？案例研究和研究结果。

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Contexts of Development 发展的背景

Family 家庭

• Nuclear Family 核心家庭

  • One or two parents and their children.
  • 一或两个父母和他们的孩子。

• Extended Family 扩展家庭

  • Multigenerational network.
  • 多代网络。

Socioeconomic Status and Neighborhood 社会经济地位和社区

• Income, education, occupation.
  • 收入、教育、职业。

Culture and Race 文化和种族

• Customs, traditions, laws, knowledge, beliefs and values, languages.
  • 习俗、传统、法律、知识、信仰和价值观、语言。

Historical Context 历史背景

• Unique time in which people live and grow up.
  • 人们生活和成长的独特时间。

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Conclusion 结论

• The study of human development helps in understanding how individuals grow and change over time and the factors that influence these processes.
• 研究人类发展有助于理解个体如何随时间成长和变化以及影响这些过程的因素。